Silos: theory & pratices, vertical silos horizontal silos, retaining walls

Calculation of vertical silos. Facts and general theory. Determination of the greatest stresses in silos. Static forces acting on the walls of silos and examples of calculation. Determining the cross-section of walls. Hoppers of silos. Columns supporting the silos. Examples of reinforcement of concrete silo walls. Calculation of horizontal silos. Calculations of the loads on the walls of large capacity. Tests. Determination and interpretation of the equilibriums of the active and passive pressures of a pulverulent mass. Horizontal silos and retaining walls. Connexity between the pressure in vertical silos and against horizontal silo walls or soil retaining structures. Problems relating to the operation and maintenance of silos. The emptying of silos. Means of alleviating the increase in pressure due to emptying and the overpressure due to simultaneous filling and emptying of silos for storing pulverulent materials. Loading of the bottoms and hoppers of vertical silos. Discharge overpressure. Problems of storage. Preservation of cereals and oil seeds. Fire and asphyxiation in silos. Explosions. Types of silo constructions. Categories and construction of silos.